Latejami Self-Study Course

Lesson 18



Required reading:

Before starting this lesson, you should re-read Chapter 19 of the reference manual.

New Classifiers:

  -ces	animal organs and regions of the animal body (meat, liver,
	  heart, pancreas, gland, muscle, tendon, bladder, brain, vocal
	  cords, hand, head, chest, tail, eye, chin, ear, abdomen, body,
	  skin, egg)

New Vocabulary:

#V	cesi	- head [body part]
#V	becesi	- brain
#V	cucesi	- foot
#V	cuncesi	- skin
#V	datecesi - beak [of a bird]
#V	datwecesi - wing, pinion, limb for flying
#V	doncesi	- tongue, taste organ
#V	foycesi	- ear
#V	kicesi	- eye, organ of vision
#V	tecesi	- mouth
#V	zicesi	- hand, mitt

#V	cenkemo	- superior, select, crack, first-rate, first-class,
			top-notch, preeminent, highest-quality
#V	cenfomo	- inferior, low-quality, rotten, lousy, poor,
			second-rate, low-grade, low-class
#V	cenkobegi - principal, headmaster
#V	cenzoge	- at the top of, at the summit of, at the highest point
			of
#V	cenfage	- at the bottom of, at the base of, at the lowest point
			of

#V	cadapa	- aim for/to, the purpose/objective/goal/point of P is
			F, P has F as a purpose/objective/goal/point
#V	cadape	- (in order) to, so that, for (the sake/purpose of)
#V	dovanza	- allow, let, permit, give (someone) the option to, give
			leave to
#V	jecakopa - intend to/on/that, plan to/on, figure to/on, aim to,
			mean to, have as an objective
#V	zizogimba - enter, go/get inside/in/into
#V	zifagumbe - out of

#V	kekesemo - necessary, requisite, needed, required

#V	jodapyu	- full of, chock-full, brimful, replete with, packed, at
			maximum capacity
#V	jofesyu	- empty of, without, vacant of, bare, vacuous, void,
			without content

#V	covi	- we/us (inclusive), we/us here but not others
#V	como	- our (inclusive), both my and your but not of others

#V	tomeni	- what?, which entity? [interrogative noun]
#V	jopenay	- how (much)?, to what degree or extent? [interrogative
			particle]
#V	tatomay	- almost, not quite, nearly, all but, well-nigh

#V	kejegu	- seems to, it seems like/that, it looks like [modal
			disjunct]
#V	kejega	- suppose, gather, surmise, guess, figure, reckon,
			take as likely due to evidence or reason

#V	jecipu	- past-completive tense-aspect disjunct
#V	jedasu	- present-completive tense-aspect disjunct
#V	jejevu	- future-completive tense-aspect disjunct


Grammar:

1. Note that "cadapa" is a verb, even though the concept is generally represented by a noun in English:

#l	Cadapa jafimi jadogiva timi tomo.
#e	The purpose of the money was to buy a car.

In other words, the subject is the entity that has a purpose and the purpose itself is the object.

This means that, in order to represent the English noun "purpose/ objective/etc", we have to use either the middle derivation "cadapemi" or the inverse form "cadapangaw":

#l	Kopa bavi cadapemi.
#e	I knew the purpose.

#l	Kopa bavi cadapangaw jafimi. 
#e	I knew the purpose of the money.

Since we have not formally introduced the inverse voice yet, there is no need to concern yourself with the second example at this time.

2. The interrogative true generic noun "tomeni" is used when the speaker wants to know what word or phrase should fill an argument slot. In most cases, it is translated into English "what", and always converts the sentence into a question. Here are some examples:

#l	Dasu basa tomeni?
#e	What is this?

#l	Kiva xevi tomeni?
#e	What did you see?

#l	Bitama tomeni fekopoma xevi?
#e	What believed that you were angry?

Note in the last example that "tomeni" is completely generic and never implies intelligence. Thus, it should never be translated as "who" even if the referent is likely to be a person. Always use "begeni" for "who/whom".

3. The interrogative particle "jopenay" means 'how (much)?' or 'to what degree or extent?'. It is a previous-word modifier and, initially, we will use it only to modify verbs. We'll see later how it can take on other parts-of-speech and how it can be used to modify other words. Here are some examples:

#l	Zoykopa jopenay xevi kobaybegi?
#e	How much did you like the teacher?

#l	Dasu zecula jopenay datimi?
#e	How long is the airplane?

There is also another way to ask the question "How X is something?" if X is a measurable scalar state. We accomplish this by using "tomeni" for the focus of the measure verb:

#l	Dasu zeculunza datimi zetovi tukumo tomo.
#e	The airplane is five meters long.

#l	Dasu zeculunza datimi tomeni?
#e	How long is the airplane?

#l	Zeculamba xevi bujisi zetovi xekumo tomo.
#e	You made the table two meters long.

#l	Zeculamba xevi bujisi tomeni?
#e	How long did you make the table?

In effect, use of "tomeni" indicates that the listener should provide an appropriate noun or phrase to fill its argument position.

For the sake of consistency and so that we get practice using both methods, we will always use "tomeni" for measurable scalar states and "jopenay" for everything else.

4. For imperatives that include the speaker (e.g. "Let's leave now!"), we will use "kavapoy" plus an embedded sentence whose subject is "covi", meaning inclusive (1+2) 'we/us':

#l	Kavapoy fucala covi!
#e	Let's eat!

#l	Kavapoy dezogamba covi lifimi bujisi.
#e	Let's put the books on the table.

Literally, "kavapoy" means 'cause the embedded event to happen'. Thus, when the subject is "covi", you are in effect giving orders to yourself plus your listeners.


Drills (on tape):

#E	How much do these six gems weigh?
#L	Dasu culunza zinxami zakumo baso tomeni?

#E	The blood on my hands probably angered your siblings.
#L	Cantamu fekopapa zopi dezogyu lizicesi bamo lizatasaw xevi.

#E	Let's paint each other's sheds!
#L	Kavapoy zincalapa covi lifozikigi ximyu tomawni!

#E	The pigeons flew low and entered the shopping mall.
#L	Dacala lidami dadele tesye zizogimbiva kedoykigi.

#E	How will we keep track of only the necessary things?
#L	Jevu kopinza busegene tayvi libyexami kekesemo coytomo?

#E	Don't pull the bone out of the dog's mouth!
#L	Jutamu kwabusoy tevi zifagumbe tecesi ximyu zovi!

#E	The purpose of the murder was to close the black market.
#L	Cadapa xonkoybusenvi doyjuvapiva xonjagi.

#E	I'm thinking that I'll finish fixing the kitchen counter later.
#L	Dasu bekopa bavi jejevu joykavapa bavi jajisi xumyu lufedepi dipe.

#E	That inexpensive hotel is full of grief-stricken poor people.
#L	Dasu jodapa byukigi jadelo zaso lujafomi koykopo.

#E	Mary finished telling her children something about their ears.
#L	Jecipu tega Laryabegi libatasaw ryahi xumaw tomo lifoycesi baho.

#E	These small artificial wings are like natural ones.
#L	Dasu zunxuma lidatwecesi tinjuvo fomo baso lutinkavi.

#E	Don't put your foot on this weak chair.
#L	Jutamu dezogamboy cucesi xemo jisi xofomo baso.

#E	The plumber is imitating a parrot in order to sound like the painter.
#L	Dasu zunxuminza bobegi tedami tomo cadape foyxumiva zinbegi.

#E	Your friend didn't read the license plate because his eyes are bad.
#L	Jutamu fikicalinza zoyzevaw xevi tifimi tomame dasu cafoma likicesi zoyho.

#E	How much does the shore look like a wasteland?
#L	Dasu kixuma jopenay bokentisi lukoytisi?

#E	The land was developed but it seemed like it was pristine.
#L	Tinfoma tisi kuntesye cipu kejegu tinkema tihi.

	[Note that "cipu" must be used above.  Otherwise, the English
	translation would have been "... but it SEEMS like ..." because
	epistemic modals, by default, always reflect how the speaker
	feels at the time of speech.  Note also that use of the
	conjunction "kuntesye" does not cause "kejegu" to be past tense
	- it forces "tinkema" to be past tense.  The next drill
	illustrates this point further.]

#E	The parrot will be tame but it seems like it'll be wild.
#L	Jevu tinkola tedami kuntesye kejegu tinkepa tehi.

#E	Let's be grateful for everything that our doctors did.
#L	Kavapoy xenkopa covi bikumi tomo ximyu businza lijoybegi como bihi.

#E	John is finishing haggling with the merchant about that special radio.
#L	Jedasu jatega Lajonbegi fojabegi foyfabisi bicakavo zaso.

#E	The mature owl's beak weighs ninety-three grams.
#L	Dasu culunza datecesi ximyu kidami boykepo cutovi kodikumo tomo.

#E	The healthy pilots camped at the top of a mountain.
#L	Byutincala lidabegi joykepo cenzoge tentisi tomo.

#E	I knew the engineer that was killed by a hearse at the cemetery.
#L	Kozeva bavi kwibegi ximyu kolapesa kwihi tomese koytimi tomo zoge kukoyzegi.

#E	Your co-workers paid a lot of money for these forks.
#L	Jakwacema licantozevaw xevi jafimi kekumo tomo tomege litwefusi baso.

#E	Do you remember the thing about those inferior parrot feathers?
#L	Tamenu dasu cikopa xevi xumaw lidatevi cenfomo zaso xumyu lutedami?

#E	The unprepared students dropped the bear skin seven meters to the ground.
#L	Cubusa likokwabegi joybimo cuncesi bunzovo zogumbe zetovay-taykumay cutisi.

#E	I saw someone with a yellow tongue at the doctor's office.
#L	Kiva bavi begi tomo ximunzyu doncesi fezigo tomo zoge joykigi.

#E	The photographer allowed his assistant to substitute for him at the funeral.
#L	Dovanza binkibegi zevaw binhi zundapiva binhi zoge koyzugi.

#E	I reached out and almost caught the rock that you threw at the gas station.
#L	Twecala bavi tesye jufabusiva tatomay xami ximyu fabusa xevi xahi zogumbe tikigi.

#E	What is supporting those heavy meat scales?
#L	Dasu cuzoga tomeni licufusi culo zaso xumyu lufayzopi?

#E	The principal told us that the school bus is less than eight meters long.
#L	Tega cenkobegi tayvi dasu zeculunza zetimi xumyu lukokigi zetovi fikumo fojopay tomo.

#E	I suppose that you had to become a banker because of your banker parents.
#L	Dasu kejega bavi bidovu jakibegupa xevi tomame lidatasaw jakibego xevi.

#E	The linguist persuaded his associates that they had nothing to do with his superior brain.
#L	Bitamamba tekabegi litozevaw tehi bima tohi becesi cenkemo teho.

#E	Did you intend to buy those five forest hectares on the continent?
#L	Tamenu jecakopa xevi jadogiva tintovi jitiso tukumo zaso dezogyu bitisi?

#E	This inedible soup cost two dollars and tasted like wood.
#L	Jaculunza bofupi fujuvo baso jatovi xekumo tomo tesye donxumiva lujizopi.

#E	Let's bury the skulls across from the milk store.
#L	Kavapoy cukavapa covi libetevi doyzoge doykigi xumyu lubazopi.

#E	The children are coloring their hair so that the adults will be afraid of them.
#L	Dasu zigapa lifobegi zezopi foho cadape jevu bunkopa likebegi fohi.

#E	I'm not at the clinic because my head was hit by an imaginary boulder.
#L	Jutamu dasu zoga bavi kejoykigi tomame cebusesa cesi bamo tomese kexami juvo tomo.

#E	Two of the brothers were at the bottom of the empty swimming pool crawling side-by-side.
#L	Cenfaga xekumunzaw tomo lizutasi bocazegi jofeso cucale dayzogawne.


End of Lesson 18