Latejami Self-Study Course

Lesson 19



Required reading:

Before starting this lesson, you should re-read Chapter 20 of the reference manual.

New Classifiers:

  -dag	components - integral or essential components of larger items
	  that do not fit into any of the other 'artificial other'
	  categories (nail, shoelace, button (on clothing), plug/
	  stopper, cap, hinge, anchor, spring, zipper, shingle, knob,
	  wheel, tile, rudder, trigger, handrail, (push)button,
	  flywheel)
  -zum	other artificial items (pin, hook, clip, (clothes) hanger,
	  string, chain, ball, rope)

New Suffix:

  -og	"0" non-linking suffix
  -on   quality or ability

New Vocabulary:

#V	dagi	- nail [fastener]
#V	doydagi	- knob
#V	fyudagi	- blade
#V	jofyudagi - screw [fastener]
#V	tidagi	- wheel

#V	zumi	- pin
#V	byezumi	- object, item, (artificial) thing
#V	jozumi	- ball
#V	kizumi	- candle
#V	zezumi	- string, cord
#V	kezezumi - rope, cord, line

#V	zubegi	- baby, infant, newborn
#V	zudepi	- cupboard
#V	zufoytega - whisper
#V	zujevu	- very soon, in the very near future, be on the verge of
#V	zutomay	- barely, hardly, negligibly, minimally
#V	zuzegi	- path, trail

#V	cinbusa	- wash, launder
#V	cincala	- bathe, take a bathe
#V	cinfusi	- broom
#V	cinkavo	- clean, spotless, unsoiled, unsullied
#V	cinjuvo	- dirty, soiled, grimy, grubby, sullied
#V	cinzigo	- white

#V	jekopa	- hope, wish

#V	bikokigi - university
#V	bitovi	- year, annum, unit of measure equal to about 365 days
			or twelve months

#V	findasu	- present-perfective tense-aspect disjunct

#V	kezulu	- had better (as in "You'd better leave now"),
		  high consequentiality modal disjunct
#V	kezula	- It's urgent/important/exigent/compelling that P (do) F
		  [Use the infinitive form of the verb for the focus if
		  it's a clause.]

#V	citesye	- if, provided (that), in the event of/that, as long as,
		  if it should happen that, on condition of/that


Grammar:

1. Use the "0" non-linking suffix "-og" to create the equivalent of most English adverbs:

#l	Doykavapa Lajonbegi tifigi ticuloge.
#e	John quickly opened the door.

#l	Ximamba febegi bavi fupi fekopoge
#e	The chef angrily gave me the food.

You can also use just the simple P-s adverb "ticule", but it will imply a linkage to one of the preceding arguments of the verb. In other words, in the first example above, it would imply that either John was quick or that the door moved quickly. Since natural language adverbs are rarely (if ever) so precise, it is best to use the "0" adverb form.

2. Use the high consequentiality modal disjunct "kezulu" to indicate that a situation will have negative consequences if a hypothetical event does not take place:

#l	Kezulu jevu ticala xevi cipe kiva kobaybegi xevi.
#e	You had better go before the teacher sees you.

The verb form "kezula" means that it's urgent for the patient to perform the focus:

#l	Dasu kezula bavi doykavapiva kifigi.
#e	It's urgent that I open the window.

Note that "bavi" is the subject of "kezula". It's also the implied subject of "doykavapiva".

3. The English auxiliary "can" has two senses: 'ability' and 'choice/permission'. We've already seen that the disjunct "dovu" can be used for the 'choice/permission' sense:

#l	Dovu jevu dasinza bobegi ketovi bakumo tomo dezoge ketisi.
#e	The plumber can spend one month on the island.

The 'ability' sense can be achieved by applying the quality/ability suffix "-on" to a verb, which was discussed in Chapter 6 of the reference manual:

#l	Bocala fobegi.
#e	The child swam.

#l	Bocalona fobegi.
#e	The child was able to swim.

#l	Dasu bocala fobegi.
#e	The child is swimming.

#l	Dasu bocalona fobegi.
#e	The child is able to be swimming.

#l	Findasu bocala fobegi.
#e	The child swims.

#l	Findasu bocalona fobegi.
#e	The child is able to swim.

#l	Jevu bocala fobegi.
#e	The child will swim.

#l	Jevu bocalona fobegi.
#e	The child will be able to swim.

Note that the English words "can" and "could" are often used to express the same meaning. However, they are often be ambiguous, especially in cases where context is missing (such as in lesson drills). Because of this, we will generally use "able to" instead of "can/could".

Here are two more examples:

#l	Jutamu doykavapona bavi kifigi.
#e	I wasn't able to open the window.

#l	Jutamu doykavapesona kifigi.
#e	The window couldn't be opened.

Note that "could" was used in the last example because the equivalent gloss, "This window wasn't able to be opened", is extremely awkward. There is also much less chance of ambiguity when the verb is passive.


Drills (on tape):

#E	The coffee in the hospital was barely hot.
#L	Fecula zutomay kafefupi zizogyu bijoykigi.

#E	Your son wanted his teeth to keep themselves clean.
#L	Cakopa butasaw xevi cinkavisa lifutevi buho.

#E	I was able to cut the string with this sharp knife.
#L	Fyubusona bavi zezumi busege fusi fyukemo baso.

#E	The baby fell asleep among the quiet friendly people.
#L	Kunkepupa zubegi kuzoge libegi zoykemo tefomo.

#E	I'll study Latejami if you work for the library.
#L	Jevu kokwacalinza bavi Latejami citesye buzeva xevi kufikigi.

#E	Everyone will be hoping for a generous contract.
#L	Doyjevu jekopa begi bikumo tomo dunjami jabaykopo tomo.

#E	My children exchanged the encyclopedia for this black ball.
#L	Doga libatasaw bavi bikofimi tomege jozumi kunzigo baso.

#E	Who is that old bather in our bathroom?
#L	Dasu dapa begeni cincali zonculo zaso zizoge bodepi como?

#E	The company isn't able to sell the valuable antiques.
#L	Jutamu findasu jacemona jagi lizonfimi jakavo.

#E	Only three pins supported the painting about the victory.
#L	Cuzoga zumi dikumo coytomay tomo zinfimi xumyu kaybusenvi.

#E	The scissors and the thermometer are in the dining room cupboard.
#L	Dasu zizoga xefusi tesye fefusi zudepi xumyu lufudepi.

#E	We had better go shopping while the children are sleeping.
#L	Kezulu findasu jabucala covi dase dasu kunkepa lifobegi.

	[Note that "kezulu" is a disjunct above.  In the next example,
	the verb form "kezula" is used.]

#E	It was urgent that all the telephones in working order be along this wall.
#L	Kezula tebisi joykavo bikumo tomo zezogiva figi baso.

#E	Why are your acquaintances kneeling on the dirty floor?
#L	Dasu jinkola tomamene likozevaw xevi dezoge cufigi cinjuvo?

#E	I spent several years studying linguistics at the university.
#L	Dasinza bavi bitovi cankumo tomo kokwacalinze tekajepi zoge bikokigi.

#E	The attic door has a colorful attractive knob.
#L	Dasu ximunza tifigi xumyu ludadepi doydagi kaykemo kuzigo tomo.

#E	John broke the broom by hitting the broomstick with a hammer.
#L	Joyjuvapa Lajonbegi cinfusi busege cebusiva jitevi cinfuso busege cayfusi tomo.

#E	I want to live in a location without flies and mosquitoes.
#L	Dasu cakopa bavi kwicaliva zoge byetisi tomo tofesyu luxakagi tesye lubokagi.

#E	The immature birds will very soon wake up in their nest.
#L	Zujevu kunkolupa libyedami boykolo zizoge dakwitevi byeho.

#E	I know that I didn't put the salt and the honey on the table.
#L	Dasu kopa bavi jutamu dezogamba bavi cinfupi tesye kayzopi bujisi.

#E	How did the thirteen candles get to the plumbing tools?
#L	Zogumba kizumi badikumo libufusi xumyu lubojepi busegene?

#E	The father sympathized with his daughter and tightly hugged her.
#L	Xukopa dutasi bitasaw duhi tesye twezoybusiva bihi dunculoge.

#E	I had my subordinates make the furniture with screws rather than nails.
#L	Kavapa bavi kavapa lifotozevaw bavi libyejisi busege lujofyudagi zundapyu ludagi.

#E	You'll be able to loosen the blade by manipulating this thing.
#L	Jevu dundelapona xevi fyudagi busege twebusiva byezumi baso.

#E	The real rope bridge will cross the canal near the train station.
#L	Jevu twezoga xuzegi kezezumo kavo boxuzegi fofage kuzekigi.

	[Note that the above use of "kavo" implies that there is also an
	imaginary bridge.  For example, a political opponent may be
	wrongly assuming that the bridge will be built elsewhere.]

#E	Why did the representative of the airline need to push his bicycle onto the road?
#L	Kekesu baybusa tomamene xuzevaw dajagi xetimi xuho dezogumbe zegi?

#E	My sister whispered her opinions to me during the excellent performance.
#L	Zufoytega zitasaw bavi bavi liketamenvi ziho dase zugi bicakemo.

#E	Did you do something to the wheels in order to make them slightly unattractive?
#L	Tamenu busa xevi litidagi cadape kayfomapiva fotomay tihi?

#E	I saw a white butterfly at the park across from the hobby location.
#L	Kiva bavi zinkagi cinzigo tomo zoge jizegi doyzoge byetisi xumyu luzoyjepi.

#E	The members of the faculty aren't eager to wash the high ceiling in the tower.
#L	Jutamu dasu joykopa libyezevaw kobayjagi cinbusiva dafigi daculo zizogyu jikigi.

#E	Why were there no pebbles on the path outside the bear's lair?
#L	Kava tomamene foxami jukumo tomo dezoge zuzegi zifagyu faykwitevi ximyu bunzovi?

#E	Your enemy couldn't be defeated because he had too many soldiers.
#L	Jutamu kaybusesona juzoyzevaw xevi tomame ximunza juhi luzobegi kinkumo tomo.

End of Lesson 19