Before starting this lesson, you should re-read Chapters 7 and 8 of the reference manual.
-fig separators/barriers (mat, fence, carpet, curtain, door, window, floor/ceiling, pane (of glass/plastic/etc), roof) -del antonyms of measurable physical states (cold, short, light, thin, slow, young, cheap, low, short, early, quiet, soft, shallow) -fom antonyms of other scalar non-relational states (small, dry, blunt, weak, dark/unlit, cloudy/overcast(?), rough, rare, sour, bad, ugly, smelly, abnormal, foolish, unfriendly, quiet/reticent, poor, bad-tasting, inconvenient)
#V figi - wall #V zefigi - fence #V kifigi - window #V dafigi - ceiling #V tifigi - door #V cufigi - floor [of a room] #V zondelo - young, not old #V tidelo - slow, leisurely, having a low rate of motion or activity #V daculo - high, elevated, lofty, at a relatively great altitude #V dadelo - low, at a relatively small altitude #V feculo - hot, of relatively high temperature #V fedelo - cold, of relatively low temperature #V fomo - small, little, having minimal size #V bofomo - dry, arid, having atypically low moisture or water #V kofomo - foolish, unwise, imprudent, senseless, witless, dumb #V tefomo - quiet, taciturn, reticent, reserved #V xofomo - weak, feeble, lacking strength #V zoyfomo - unfriendly, unsociable, hostile #V cakemo - good, desirable, nice, opposite of bad #V cafomo - bad, undesirable, opposite of good #V ximamba - give, bequeath #V kabegi - scientist #V tekabegi - linguist #V fefawbegi - fireman, fire fighter #V fozikigi - shed, shack, small utility or storage building #V jikigi - tower, tall and narrow building #V bijikigi - skyscraper, a very tall building #V zedepi - hallway, corridor, hall, passageway #V tayvi - we, us #V taymo - our #V tomi - something, anything #V jutomi - nothing, nil, naught #V tomame - because (of) #V tomamene - why [interrogative], for what reason #V dezogumbe - onto (the surface of) #V zogumbe - to, into, on the way to #V xuzoge - between, betwixt #V jevu - future-perfect tense-aspect disjunct #V jeve - after, since, subsequent to, once #V cipe - before, prior to, by the time (of) #V kedovu - should, ought to
1. Use the tense-aspect disjunct "jevu" to force a verb to be future-perfect:
#l Jevu kobaycala dabegi. #e The pilot will teach. #l Jevu cakopa bavi bocivi. #e I'll want the water.
2. When two verbs are linked by a conjunction, the second verb will have the same tense and aspect as the first verb unless it is explicitly overridden:
#l Dasu fikicala bavi tesye kokwacala Lajonbegi. #e I'm reading and John is studying.
but:
#l Dasu fikicala bavi tesye jevu kokwacala Lajonbegi. #e I'm reading and John will study.
3. The infinitive suffix "-iv" should also be used if the verb follows a conjunction and the subject is the same as the verb it is linked to by the conjunction:
#l Dasu bucala bavi tesye bekopiva timi. #e I'm working and thinking about the car.
4. When an adjective is converted to a noun, English usually adds the word "one":
#l Dasu zoykopa bavi timi fomo. #e I like the small car. #l Dasu zoykopa bavi fomi. #e I like the small one.
With numbers, however, English does not use "one":
#l Dasu cakopa bavi dikumi tomo. #e I want three.
Note that we must use "tomo" above; otherwise, the translation would have been 'I want the three'.
5. We have now introduced all four scalar non-relational state classifiers. Here they are together:
cul measurable physical states with corresponding, commonly used, measure words, default = P-s (hot, tall, heavy, thick, fast, old/aged, expensive, high, long, late, loud, deep) del antonyms of measurable physical states, default = P-s (cold, short, light, thin, slow, young, cheap, low, short, early, quiet, soft, shallow) kem other scalar non-relational states - typically vague or subjective (big, wet, sharp, strong, light/lit, sunny, smooth, common, sweet, good, attractive, fragrant, normal, wise, friendly, talkative/garrulous, wealthy, tasty, convenient) fom antonyms of other scalar non-relational states (small, dry, blunt, weak, dark/unlit, cloudy/overcast(?), rough, rare, sour, bad, ugly, smelly, abnormal, foolish, unfriendly, quiet/reticent, poor, bad-tasting, inconvenient)
Note that they define two basic categories (measurable physical and
other) and each category has both a normal and antonymic classifier.
#E The pilot may have gone to the auditorium. #L Tamu ticala dabegi zogumbe bidepi. #E I'll study and you'll be quiet. #L Jevu kokwacala bavi tesye tefoma xevi. #E The young technicians didn't tell me anything. #L Jutamu tega libinbegi zondelo bavi tomi. #E We saw a policeman at the park. #L Kiva tayvi cunbegi tomo zoge jizegi. #E An unfriendly plumber did something to those vehicles. #L Busa bobegi zoyfomo tomo libyetimi zaso. #E The real parrots don't know Latejami. #L Jutamu dasu kopa litedami kavo Latejami. #E Why wasn't the desk near the sofa? #L Jutamu zoga kojisi zejisi tomamene? #E The scientist brought the radio to John's farm. #L Zentibusa kabegi foyfabisi zogumbe fuzegi ximyu Lajonbegi. #E There will be a lot of wise people at the school. #L Jevu kava begi kokemo kekumo tomo zoge kokigi. #E Why are the floor and the walls wet? #L Dasu bokema tomamene cufigi tesye lifigi? #E I saw the cats before I saw the dogs. #L Kiva bavi likwizovi cipe kiva bavi lizovi. #E Mary wants to go to the cold attic. #L Dasu cakopa Laryabegi ticaliva zogumbe dadepi fedelo. #E I'm telling you that that chair is cold. #L Dasu tega bavi xevi dasu fedela jisi zaso. #E We should have moved our bicycles into the shed. #L Kedovu zizogamba tayvi lixetimi taymo fozikigi. #E Did you give the scientist the hot water? #L Tamenu ximamba xevi kabegi bocivi feculo? #E One car was slow and three were fast. #L Tidela timi bakumo tomo tesye ticula dikumi tomo. #E I want to push the stove onto the road. #L Dasu cakopa bavi baybusiva fufebisi dezogumbe zegi. #E The firemen are waiting in the classroom. #L Dasu jucala lifefawbegi zizoge kodepi. #E I'll think about the truck after I build the fence. #L Jevu bekopa bavi butimi jeve kwibusa bavi zefigi. #E The linguist should have moved the car onto the street. #L Kedovu dezogamba tekabegi timi fozegi. #E Mary will ask John for the five useful vehicles. #L Jevu catega Laryabegi Lajonbegi byetimi bukavo tukumo. #E There are a lot of birds above the tower. #L Dasu kava byedami kekumo tomo dazoge jikigi. #E You want a telephone because you're talkative. #L Dasu cakopa xevi tebisi tomo tomame dasu tekema xevi. #E Some bad students had our valuable old table. #L Ximunza likokwabegi cafomo tomo bujisi zonculo jakavo taymo. #E There's nothing in working order in the garage. #L Dasu kava jutomi joykavo zizoge tidepi. #E John doesn't like the living room because of the low ceiling. #L Jutamu dasu zoykopa Lajonbegi tedepi tomame dafigi dadelo. #E The teacher taught in the bus on the way to the school. #L Kobaycala kobaybegi zizoge zetimi zogumbe kokigi. #E We'll have four small rooms in the house for the linguists. #L Jevu ximunza tayvi depi fomo cokumo tomo zizoge kigi tomume litekabegi. #E I didn't have you lift the television because you're weak. #L Jutamu kavapa bavi dabusa xevi kifabisi tomame dasu xofoma xevi. #E The photographer is building something in the bathroom. #L Dasu kwibusa binkibegi tomi zizoge bodepi. #E I want the small car because the big one doesn't work. #L Dasu cakopa bavi timi fomo tomame jutamu dasu joykava kemi. #E The foolish birds are flying above that old skyscraper. #L Dasu dacala libyedami kofomo dazoge bijikigi zonculo zaso. #E You should have built a good fence between those two buildings. #L Kedovu kwibusa xevi zefigi cakemo tomo xuzoge byekigi xekumo zaso. #E The hallway has two high windows and five big doors. #L Dasu ximunza zedepi kifigi daculo xekumo tomo tesye tifigi kemo tukumo tomo. #E Our building isn't dry and we're afraid of the plumber. #L Jutamu dasu bofoma byekigi taymo tesye bunkopa tayvi bobegi.