Latejami Self-Study Course

Lesson 6



Required reading:

Before starting this lesson, you should re-read Chapter 9 of the reference manual.

New Classifiers:

  -fep	all non-living phenomena (tornado, rainbow, flood, blizzard,
	  climate, snow(fall), typhoon, (weather) front, wind, storm,
	  cloud, hot spring, earthquake, volcanic eruption, mudslide,
	  fire/blaze, spark, waterfall, sunspot, star/sun)
  -zig	colors (red, blue, green, turquoise, magenta, colored)
  -fag	opposites of relational locatives, default = P/F-s (away from,
	  under, to the right of, to the south of)
  -juv	opposites of other binary non-relational states (closed,
	  imaginary, crooked, hidden, horizontal, hollow, fake,
	  dysfunctional/broken, artificial, opaque, colorless,
	  partial/incomplete)

New Vocabulary:

#V	fepi	- fire, blaze
#V	fecala	- cook, prepare food using heat
#V	febegi	- chef, cook
#V	fefawtimi - firetruck, fire engine

#V	zigo	- colored, having color, hued, in color
#V	kunzigo	- black
#V	zinbegi	- painter, one who paints for a living

#V	fage	- away from, not at
#V	kefage	- far (away) from, distant from
#V	fofage	- near, close to
#V	zufage	- next to, right at, adjacent to
#V	jefage	- behind, in back of
#V	dafage	- under, below, beneath, underneath
#V	zifage	- outside of, out of, not in(side)

#V	juvo	- imaginary, nonexistent, fictitious, not real or actual
#V	bicakavo - special, exceptional, out of the ordinary
#V	bicajuvo - ordinary, unexceptional, not special
#V	doykavo	- open, accessible, allowing passage or	access, not
			closed or shut
#V	doykavapa - open (up), make accessible
#V	doyjuvo	- closed, shut, inaccessible, not allowing passage or
			access
#V	doyjuvapa - close, shut, make inaccessible
#V	joyjuvo	- broken, dysfunctional, in disrepair, out of order,
			not in working order
#V	joyjuvapa - break, disable, incapacitate, cripple, put out of
			order, make disfunctional

#V	doykigi	- store, shop, mart [retail]
#V	kedoykigi - shopping mall, mall, shopping center
#V	fojabegi - merchant, storekeeper, shopkeeper, dealer, retailer
#V	zetikigi - bus station/depot
#V	joykigi	- doctor's office
#V	kejoykigi - clinic [medical]
#V	bijoykigi - hospital
#V	dakigi	- airport, airfield, airdrome
#V	tikigi	- gas station, filling station, service station
#V	byukigi	- hotel, inn, hospice, roadhouse

#V	jabucala - shop, go shopping
#V	jatega	- haggle, dicker, negotiate, bargain
#V	jajisi	- counter, checkout (counter), table or other flat
			surface over which business transactions are
			conducted

#V	bikumo	- all, every
#V	bikumi	- everything, all things
#V	fokumo	- few, little [quantity], a small amount or quantity,
			not too much, not too many

#V	busege	- with, by (means of), via, on [instrumental case tag]


Grammar:

1. The A/P-d suffix "-ap" can also be used with activities:

#l	Dasu kobaycalapa tekabegi libegi zaso.
#e	The linguist is teaching those people.

If the verb needs a focus, the A/P/F-d suffix "-amb" can be used:

#l	Dasu kobaycalamba tekabegi libegi zaso Latejami.
#e	The linguist is teaching those people Latejami.

2. The English translation of the case tag "busege" depends on the nature of its argument:

#l	Joyjuvapa bavi kifigi busege jisi tomo.
#e	I broke the window with a chair.

#l	Ticala tayvi zogumbe kokigi busege zetimi.
#e	We went to the school on the bus.

But note the difference when the generic noun prefix "lu-" is used:

#l	Ticala tayvi zogumbe kokigi busege luzetimi.
#e	We went to the school by bus.

When the argument is a clause, the verb should use the infinitive suffix "-iv" to indicate that its subject is the same as the main verb:

#l	Bunkopamba bavi kobaybegi bavi busege joyjuvapiva kifigi.
#e	I made the teacher afraid of me by breaking the window.

3. Use the modifier "-bye-" between the number morpheme(s) and the classifier to convert a number to an ordinal:

#l	Cakopa bavi kojisi xebyekumo.
#e	I wanted the second desk.

4. Most English prepositions can be used as case tags or as open adjectives. In Latejami, however, we must use the part-of-speech marker "-yu" to convert a case tag to an open adjective:

#l	Kiva bavi fojabegi zizoge byukigi.
#e	I saw the merchant in the hotel.
    [The "seeing" definitely took place inside the hotel.]

#l	Kiva bavi fojabegi zizogyu byukigi.
#e	I saw the merchant in the hotel.
    [The merchant was in the hotel at one time or other.
    The "seeing", however, may have occurred elsewhere.]

Note that the English sentences are ambiguous. Latejami sentences are never ambiguous.

5. In this lesson, we introduce two more 'opposite' classifiers: "-fag" (the opposite of "-zog") and "-juv" (the opposite of "-kav"). Here they are together:

  zog	relational locatives (at/in/on, between, above, to the left of,
	  to the north of, upstairs/downstairs to)
  fag	opposites of relational locatives (away from, under, to the
	  right of, to the south of)
  kav	other binary non-relational states (open, real/existent,
	   straight, exposed, vertical, solid, authentic, clean,
	   functional/operational, natural, clear/transparent, colorful,
	   whole/complete, rising, pure/unadulterated, free/unrestrained,
	   safe)
  juv	opposites of other binary non-relational states (closed,
	   imaginary, crooked, hidden, horizontal, hollow, fake,
	   dirty, dysfunctional/broken, artificial, opaque, colorless,
	   partial/incomplete, falling, impure/adulterated,
	   bound/restrained, dangerous)




Drills (on tape):

#E	I know that all bears are strong.
#L	Dasu kopa bavi dasu xokema lubunzovi bikumo.

#E	Who will read to the students before me?
#L	Jevu fikicalapa begeni likokwabegi cipe bavi?

#E	The fourth cat was under the firetruck.
#L	Dafaga kwizovi cobyekumo fefawtimi.

#E	It's true that John closed the two special doors.
#L	Dasu kava doyjuvapa Lajonbegi tifigi bicakavo xekumo.

#E	There's a little water behind that broken toilet.
#L	Dasu kava bocivi fokumo tomo jefage bisi joyjuvo zaso.

#E	I broke the washing machine with a chair.
#L	Joyjuvapa bavi bobisi busege jisi tomo.

#E	The painter doesn't like the ordinary colored ones.
#L	Jutamu dasu zoykopa zinbegi lizigi bicajuvo.

#E	There was a lot outside the auditorium.
#L	Kava kekumi tomo zifage bidepi.

#E	I saw the vehicle outside the store next to the hospital.
#L	Kiva bavi byetimi zifage doykigi zufagyu bijoykigi.

#E	The doctor wants everything in working order.
#L	Dasu cakopa joybegi bikumi joykavo tomo.

    [The above sentence is ambiguous in English but not in Latejami.
    A correct paraphrase is "The doctor wants everything that is in
    working order".  The English translation can also have the sense
    'The doctor wants everything to be in working order'.]

#E	How many people did you teach the language?
#L	Kobaycalamba xevi begi kumeno tejami?

#E	The plumber is undecided about going shopping at the shopping mall.
#L	Dasu kukopa bobegi jabucaliva zoge kedoykigi.

#E	I heard you on the radio.
#L	Foykiva bavi xevi busege foyfabisi.

#E	My cat was afraid of the dog because I was away from the house.
#L	Bunkopa kwizovi bamo zovi tomame faga bavi kigi.

#E	Why is the chef cooking in the parking lot?
#L	Dasu fecala febegi zoge zontizegi tomamene?

#E	There was a fire in the hotel near the airport.
#L	Kava fepi tomo zizoge byukigi fofagyu dakigi.

#E	You were far from a gas station.
#L	Kefaga xevi tikigi tomo.

#E	I imagined that your car didn't work.
#L	Junkopa bavi jutamu joykava timi xemo.

#E	The pilot is haggling with the merchant about the table and the chairs.
#L	Dasu jatega dabegi fojabegi bujisi tesye lijisi.

#E	I didn't understand the old person behind the counter at the hotel.
#L	Jutamu kekopa bavi begi zonculo jefagyu jajisi zoge byukigi.

    [Note that either "zoge" or "zogyu" is acceptable here, but we
    must use "jefagyu" to indicate that the old person was behind
    the counter when the "understanding" failed.]

#E	The fireman told me that my doctor's office was closed because of the fire.
#L	Tega fefawbegi bavi doyjuva joykigi bamo tomame fepi.

#E	Why did you open the door and close the window?
#L	Doykavapa xevi tifigi tomamene tesye doyjuvapiva kifigi?

#E	We saw the five big black buses at the bus station.
#L	Kiva tayvi zetimi kunzigo kemo tukumo zoge zetikigi.

#E	I remember seeing a few stoves in front of the garage.
#L	Dasu cikopa bavi kiviva fufebisi fokumo tomo jezoge tidepi.

#E	The author carried the foolish sailor to the swimming pool.
#L	Tibusa fibegi botibegi kofomo zogumbe bocazegi.

#E	Did you remind the technician to go to the clinic?
#L	Tamenu cikopamba xevi binbegi ticaliva zogumbe kejoykigi?

#E	The bear isn't imaginary and doesn't live far from our house.
#L	Jutamu dasu juva bunzovi tesye jutamu kwicaliva kefage kigi taymo.

#E	Did you put the parrots next to the open window?
#L	Tamenu zufagamba xevi litedami kifigi doykavo?

#E	There are owls in the hospital's attic.
#L	Dasu kava lukidami zizoge dadepi ximyu bijoykigi.

#E	I'm working and Mary is studying near the lamp.
#L	Dasu bucala bavi tesye kokwacala Laryabegi fofage kibaybisi.

    [Note that "dasu" is not needed ahead of "kokwacala" because its
    default tense is the same as "bucala" because of the conjunction
    "tesye".]

End of Lesson 6