Before starting this lesson, you should re-read Chapter 9 of the reference manual.
-fep all non-living phenomena (tornado, rainbow, flood, blizzard, climate, snow(fall), typhoon, (weather) front, wind, storm, cloud, hot spring, earthquake, volcanic eruption, mudslide, fire/blaze, spark, waterfall, sunspot, star/sun) -zig colors (red, blue, green, turquoise, magenta, colored) -fag opposites of relational locatives, default = P/F-s (away from, under, to the right of, to the south of) -juv opposites of other binary non-relational states (closed, imaginary, crooked, hidden, horizontal, hollow, fake, dysfunctional/broken, artificial, opaque, colorless, partial/incomplete)
#V fepi - fire, blaze #V fecala - cook, prepare food using heat #V febegi - chef, cook #V fefawtimi - firetruck, fire engine #V zigo - colored, having color, hued, in color #V kunzigo - black #V zinbegi - painter, one who paints for a living #V fage - away from, not at #V kefage - far (away) from, distant from #V fofage - near, close to #V zufage - next to, right at, adjacent to #V jefage - behind, in back of #V dafage - under, below, beneath, underneath #V zifage - outside of, out of, not in(side) #V juvo - imaginary, nonexistent, fictitious, not real or actual #V bicakavo - special, exceptional, out of the ordinary #V bicajuvo - ordinary, unexceptional, not special #V doykavo - open, accessible, allowing passage or access, not closed or shut #V doykavapa - open (up), make accessible #V doyjuvo - closed, shut, inaccessible, not allowing passage or access #V doyjuvapa - close, shut, make inaccessible #V joyjuvo - broken, dysfunctional, in disrepair, out of order, not in working order #V joyjuvapa - break, disable, incapacitate, cripple, put out of order, make disfunctional #V doykigi - store, shop, mart [retail] #V kedoykigi - shopping mall, mall, shopping center #V fojabegi - merchant, storekeeper, shopkeeper, dealer, retailer #V zetikigi - bus station/depot #V joykigi - doctor's office #V kejoykigi - clinic [medical] #V bijoykigi - hospital #V dakigi - airport, airfield, airdrome #V tikigi - gas station, filling station, service station #V byukigi - hotel, inn, hospice, roadhouse #V jabucala - shop, go shopping #V jatega - haggle, dicker, negotiate, bargain #V jajisi - counter, checkout (counter), table or other flat surface over which business transactions are conducted #V bikumo - all, every #V bikumi - everything, all things #V fokumo - few, little [quantity], a small amount or quantity, not too much, not too many #V busege - with, by (means of), via, on [instrumental case tag]
1. The A/P-d suffix "-ap" can also be used with activities:
#l Dasu kobaycalapa tekabegi libegi zaso. #e The linguist is teaching those people.
If the verb needs a focus, the A/P/F-d suffix "-amb" can be used:
#l Dasu kobaycalamba tekabegi libegi zaso Latejami. #e The linguist is teaching those people Latejami.
2. The English translation of the case tag "busege" depends on the nature of its argument:
#l Joyjuvapa bavi kifigi busege jisi tomo. #e I broke the window with a chair. #l Ticala tayvi zogumbe kokigi busege zetimi. #e We went to the school on the bus.
But note the difference when the generic noun prefix "lu-" is used:
#l Ticala tayvi zogumbe kokigi busege luzetimi. #e We went to the school by bus.
When the argument is a clause, the verb should use the infinitive suffix "-iv" to indicate that its subject is the same as the main verb:
#l Bunkopamba bavi kobaybegi bavi busege joyjuvapiva kifigi. #e I made the teacher afraid of me by breaking the window.
3. Use the modifier "-bye-" between the number morpheme(s) and the classifier to convert a number to an ordinal:
#l Cakopa bavi kojisi xebyekumo. #e I wanted the second desk.
4. Most English prepositions can be used as case tags or as open adjectives. In Latejami, however, we must use the part-of-speech marker "-yu" to convert a case tag to an open adjective:
#l Kiva bavi fojabegi zizoge byukigi. #e I saw the merchant in the hotel. [The "seeing" definitely took place inside the hotel.] #l Kiva bavi fojabegi zizogyu byukigi. #e I saw the merchant in the hotel. [The merchant was in the hotel at one time or other. The "seeing", however, may have occurred elsewhere.]
Note that the English sentences are ambiguous. Latejami sentences are never ambiguous.
5. In this lesson, we introduce two more 'opposite' classifiers: "-fag" (the opposite of "-zog") and "-juv" (the opposite of "-kav"). Here they are together:
zog relational locatives (at/in/on, between, above, to the left of, to the north of, upstairs/downstairs to) fag opposites of relational locatives (away from, under, to the right of, to the south of) kav other binary non-relational states (open, real/existent, straight, exposed, vertical, solid, authentic, clean, functional/operational, natural, clear/transparent, colorful, whole/complete, rising, pure/unadulterated, free/unrestrained, safe) juv opposites of other binary non-relational states (closed, imaginary, crooked, hidden, horizontal, hollow, fake, dirty, dysfunctional/broken, artificial, opaque, colorless, partial/incomplete, falling, impure/adulterated, bound/restrained, dangerous)
#E I know that all bears are strong. #L Dasu kopa bavi dasu xokema lubunzovi bikumo. #E Who will read to the students before me? #L Jevu fikicalapa begeni likokwabegi cipe bavi? #E The fourth cat was under the firetruck. #L Dafaga kwizovi cobyekumo fefawtimi. #E It's true that John closed the two special doors. #L Dasu kava doyjuvapa Lajonbegi tifigi bicakavo xekumo. #E There's a little water behind that broken toilet. #L Dasu kava bocivi fokumo tomo jefage bisi joyjuvo zaso. #E I broke the washing machine with a chair. #L Joyjuvapa bavi bobisi busege jisi tomo. #E The painter doesn't like the ordinary colored ones. #L Jutamu dasu zoykopa zinbegi lizigi bicajuvo. #E There was a lot outside the auditorium. #L Kava kekumi tomo zifage bidepi. #E I saw the vehicle outside the store next to the hospital. #L Kiva bavi byetimi zifage doykigi zufagyu bijoykigi. #E The doctor wants everything in working order. #L Dasu cakopa joybegi bikumi joykavo tomo. [The above sentence is ambiguous in English but not in Latejami. A correct paraphrase is "The doctor wants everything that is in working order". The English translation can also have the sense 'The doctor wants everything to be in working order'.] #E How many people did you teach the language? #L Kobaycalamba xevi begi kumeno tejami? #E The plumber is undecided about going shopping at the shopping mall. #L Dasu kukopa bobegi jabucaliva zoge kedoykigi. #E I heard you on the radio. #L Foykiva bavi xevi busege foyfabisi. #E My cat was afraid of the dog because I was away from the house. #L Bunkopa kwizovi bamo zovi tomame faga bavi kigi. #E Why is the chef cooking in the parking lot? #L Dasu fecala febegi zoge zontizegi tomamene? #E There was a fire in the hotel near the airport. #L Kava fepi tomo zizoge byukigi fofagyu dakigi. #E You were far from a gas station. #L Kefaga xevi tikigi tomo. #E I imagined that your car didn't work. #L Junkopa bavi jutamu joykava timi xemo. #E The pilot is haggling with the merchant about the table and the chairs. #L Dasu jatega dabegi fojabegi bujisi tesye lijisi. #E I didn't understand the old person behind the counter at the hotel. #L Jutamu kekopa bavi begi zonculo jefagyu jajisi zoge byukigi. [Note that either "zoge" or "zogyu" is acceptable here, but we must use "jefagyu" to indicate that the old person was behind the counter when the "understanding" failed.] #E The fireman told me that my doctor's office was closed because of the fire. #L Tega fefawbegi bavi doyjuva joykigi bamo tomame fepi. #E Why did you open the door and close the window? #L Doykavapa xevi tifigi tomamene tesye doyjuvapiva kifigi? #E We saw the five big black buses at the bus station. #L Kiva tayvi zetimi kunzigo kemo tukumo zoge zetikigi. #E I remember seeing a few stoves in front of the garage. #L Dasu cikopa bavi kiviva fufebisi fokumo tomo jezoge tidepi. #E The author carried the foolish sailor to the swimming pool. #L Tibusa fibegi botibegi kofomo zogumbe bocazegi. #E Did you remind the technician to go to the clinic? #L Tamenu cikopamba xevi binbegi ticaliva zogumbe kejoykigi? #E The bear isn't imaginary and doesn't live far from our house. #L Jutamu dasu juva bunzovi tesye jutamu kwicaliva kefage kigi taymo. #E Did you put the parrots next to the open window? #L Tamenu zufagamba xevi litedami kifigi doykavo? #E There are owls in the hospital's attic. #L Dasu kava lukidami zizoge dadepi ximyu bijoykigi. #E I'm working and Mary is studying near the lamp. #L Dasu bucala bavi tesye kokwacala Laryabegi fofage kibaybisi. [Note that "dasu" is not needed ahead of "kokwacala" because its default tense is the same as "bucala" because of the conjunction "tesye".]